Blog
Plain-English guides, checklists and updates for individuals, startups and SMEs.
8 min readPresumptive taxation under 44AD looks like 8% of turnover for non-digital receipts — but cash-deposit mismatch, Section 44ADA scrutiny, and 50% deemed additions for unexplained credits make it risky past ₹1 Cr.
6 min read100 percent vs 50 percent deduction, qualifying institutions, and the documentation you must keep.
5 min readThe Shop and Establishment Act is a state-level law governing working conditions, hours of work, leave, holidays, and registration of commercial establishments. Every state has its own Act — Maharashtra, Karnataka, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, West Bengal. Registration is typically within 30 days of commencing business.
6 min readSole proprietorship is the simplest structure with no separate legal entity and unlimited personal liability. Partnership adds limited liability but the firm is not a separate tax entity — partners pay tax on their share. Company has separate legal entity, limited liability, and a 25% / 30% corporate tax rate. The choice depends on revenue, risk, and growth plans.
5 min readEvery company must maintain statutory registers under the Companies Act: Register of Members (Section 88), Register of Directors and KMP (Section 170), Register of Charges (Section 85), Register of Contracts in which directors are interested (Section 189), Register of Deposits (Section 73), and Register of Share Transfers (Section 44).
8 min readSection 194C requires deduators to withhold 1% (individual) or 2% (company) on contract payments above ₹30,000 per contract or ₹1,00,000 annually. The most common mistakes involve misclassifying workers as contractors, wrong PAN handling, and skipping the 5% presumption on small contracts.
7 min readTDS on salary is deducted under Section 192 based on your estimated total income for the year. You submit investment declarations (HRA rent receipts, 80C proofs, 80D premiums) so the employer computes tax on the lower taxable income. Form 16 shows the TDS deducted each quarter.
6 min readIssuing authority, validity, and the difference between trade and shop licences.
7 min readA registered trademark under the Trade Marks Act 1999 costs ₹4,500 government fee for a startup/MSME and gives you statutory protection, infringement remedies, and brand valuation. The ROI is the highest of any registration.
5 min readIndia follows the Nice Classification with 45 classes — 34 for goods, 11 for services. A trademark application is filed per class. The filing fee is ₹4,500 for a startup / MSME in one class (e-filing). The process includes search, application, Vienna Codification, examination, Journal publication, opposition window, and registration. Timeline: 6–12 months unopposed.
6 min readUdyam Registration is the single-window recognition for micro, small, and medium enterprises. Free, online, based on self-declaration. Classification depends on investment in plant and machinery or equipment and turnover. Benefits: priority sector lending, lower interest rates, collateral-free loans, government tender preference.
5 min readA sole proprietorship can be converted to a Pvt Ltd by incorporating a new company and transferring the business (assets, liabilities, contracts, employees). The conversion has tax implications — capital gains on the difference between book value and fair market value of the assets. Stamp duty and registration as per the state Stamp Act.
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